The Lion Trail

GALLBLADDER General Radiographic studies of the Gallbladder are rarely done. These studies have been replaced with other modalities such as ultrasound.  (1) Radiographic visualization of the gallbladder is done by cholecystography . Radiographic investigation of the biliary tract is by cholangiography . For these procedures, it is necessary to convey a contrast medium to the gallbladder along with the bile.  (2) Bile is manufactured by the polyhedral cells of the liver which extract the necessary constituents from the circulating blood. The gallbladder's ability to concentrate the bile makes it possible for a sufficient amount of the cholecystopaque to collect within the gallbladder to permit radiographic visualization. After oral administration, the contrast medium, if in pill form, disintegrates in the stomach.  (a) Most of the contrast medium is absorbed in the small bowel and connveyed to the liver via the portal vein.  (b) As the contrast medium moves t

SIALOGRAPHY : The radiographic visualization of the salivary glands and ducts is called sialography. The evaluation of the salivary glands is most often accomplished with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; however, sialography becomes the method of choice when a definitive diagnosis is required for pathology such as sialadenitis (inflammation of the salivary glands) and the oral component of ’Sjögren’s syndrome (an autoimmune disease process that causes dry eyes and dry mouth). Sialography involves the introduction of a water-soluble contrast agent into the orifices of the salivary ducts. In most cases, this procedure requires a minimum of specialized equipment and can be performed in a regular radiographic or fluoroscopic room. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS Sialography is used to demonstrate the relation of the salivary glands to their adjacent structures. It provides both diagnostic and preoperative information in cases of salivary gland pathology. Other i

Fistulogram -Brachial fistula What is a Fistulogram/Sinogram? A fistulogram is an x-ray procedure used to view a fistula, an abnormal passage between two or more anatomic spaces or organs or a pathway that leads from an internal cavity or organ to the surface of the body. A sinogram is a similar procedure done to assess a sinus, an abnormal passage or cavity that originates or ends in one opening, often on the skin. Contrast material is used to help identify the start of the fistula/sinus, its pathway and what organs are involved.    What are some common uses of the procedure? A fistulogram/sinogram is used to diagnose and assess the size and shape of fistulas and sinuses and prepare a treatment plan. Fistulas usually involve hollow organs like the intestines, bladder, urethra and vagina. They often form as a result of infection or inflammation related to surgery, injury or radiation therapy. They may also be related to inflammatory bowel conditions such as Crohn’s

INTRODUCTION Gynaecography  a term introduced by Stein involves the visualization of the uterus, tubes and ovaries by means of pneumoperitoneum plus Hysterosalpingography. Pneumoperitoneum is gas or air trapped within the peritoneal cavity, but outside the lumen of the bowel. It is due to insufflations of gas (Carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide) during examination of organs inside the abdomen. While Hysterosalpingography is an x-ray examination of a woman’s uterus and fallopian tubes that uses special form of x-ray and contrast media. Gynaecography technique permits an accurate diagnosis of obscure pelvic pathology and has been utilized successfully in many thousands of patients during the past twenty - five years by Dr. Stein and his group. Gynaecography or pelvic pneumography is comprehensively defined as the term used for radiographic demonstration of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and uterine supporting ligaments by  insufflations of gas (negative contrast) into th